https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/ Complete focused Python snippets as you learn the language. Hugo en-US https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/objects-values-types-and-identity/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/objects-values-types-and-identity/ Practice reasoning about identity, mutation, equality, and hashability with small Python programs. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/none/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/none/ Practice returning None, checking for None, and distinguishing None from other false values. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/numbers/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/numbers/ Practice constructing complex numbers, reading their components, combining them with arithmetic, and promoting a real value to complex. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/special-methods/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/special-methods/ Practice connecting built-in operations and formatted output to special methods on your own classes. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/properties-and-managed-attributes/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/properties-and-managed-attributes/ Practice building managed attributes and using functools.cached_property for reusable per-instance values. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/class-and-static-methods/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/class-and-static-methods/ Practice creating class methods, static methods, and subclass-aware class methods. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/slots-and-instance-storage/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/slots-and-instance-storage/ Practice declaring slots, restricting attributes, allowing a dictionary explicitly, and using slots across inheritance. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/custom-attribute-access/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/custom-attribute-access/ Practice customizing attribute reads, fallback lookup, assignment, and deletion safely. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/multiple-inheritance-and-mro/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/multiple-inheritance-and-mro/ Practice multiple base classes, inspect the MRO, and build a cooperative super() chain. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/init-subclass/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/init-subclass/ Practice configuring, validating, and registering subclasses with __init_subclass__. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/descriptors-and-set-name/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/descriptors-and-set-name/ Practice implementing __get__, __set_name__, __set__, and __delete__ in reusable descriptors. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/callable-objects/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/callable-objects/ Practice making instances callable with __call__ and using callable-object behavior. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/range/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/range/ Practice constructing ascending and descending ranges, testing membership, and slicing range sequences. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/zip/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/zip/ Practice pairing iterables, enforcing equal lengths, combining several inputs, and unzipping paired data. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/iterable-unpacking/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/iterable-unpacking/ Practice exact unpacking, starred targets, nested targets, and value swapping. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/map-and-filter/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/map-and-filter/ Practice transforming, selecting, combining iterables, and composing map with filter. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/sorting-with-sorted/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/sorting-with-sorted/ Practice sorting iterables, using key functions, ordering multiple fields, and choosing list.sort(). https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/aggregate-builtins/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/aggregate-builtins/ Practice all(), any(), min(), max(), and sum(). https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/numeric-builtins/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/numeric-builtins/ Practice abs(), divmod(), and pow(). https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/recursion/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/recursion/ Practice base cases, recursive steps, and recursive traversal. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/format-specification/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/format-specification/ Practice format specifications for width, alignment, numeric precision, and dynamic formatting. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/exceptions/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/exceptions/ Practice handling specific exceptions, using else and finally, and deliberately raising an exception. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/packages/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/packages/ Practice creating package imports, accessing submodules, and using a relative import inside a package. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/exception-groups-and-except-star/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/exception-groups-and-except-star/ Practice creating exception groups and handling their matching subgroups with except*. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/coroutines-and-async-await/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/coroutines-and-async-await/ Practice defining coroutine functions, awaiting other coroutines, and running an async entry point. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/asynchronous-iteration/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/asynchronous-iteration/ Practice implementing and consuming asynchronous iterators with async for, aiter(), and anext(). https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/asynchronous-generators/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/asynchronous-generators/ Practice defining asynchronous generators, preserving state across yields, stopping early, and using aclose() or contextlib.aclosing() for deterministic cleanup. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/asynchronous-context-managers/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/asynchronous-context-managers/ Practice implementing __aenter__() and __aexit__(), handling asynchronous cleanup and exception behavior, and using async with. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/enumerations/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/enumerations/ Practice defining enum members, looking up a value, iterating over members, and rejecting accidental aliases. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/file-io/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/file-io/ Practice opening, reading, writing, appending, and selecting text or binary file modes. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/copying-objects/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/copying-objects/ Practice making shallow copies, deep copies, preserving recursive structures, and replacing selected record fields. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/deque/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/deque/ Practice adding and removing items at either end, bounded history, and rotation. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/priority-queues/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/priority-queues/ Practice building a heap, adding priorities, removing the smallest item, and using a sequence tie-breaker. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/counter/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/counter/ Practice counting iterable items, adding counts, preserving subtracted counts, and intersecting multisets. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/defaultdict/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/defaultdict/ Practice grouping values, collecting unique labels, reading without insertion, and creating independent per-key records. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/dates-and-times/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/dates-and-times/ Practice date arithmetic, ISO parsing, aware UTC values, and named timezone conversion. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/itertools/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/itertools/ Practice flattening, limiting, batching, grouping consecutive records, and building combinations with itertools. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/logging/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/logging/ Practice recording events with correct levels, deferred message arguments, exception tracebacks, and formatter configuration. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/warnings/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/warnings/ Practice issuing caller-attributed deprecation warnings, defining a warning category, escalating selected warnings, and capturing warnings in a test. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/regular-expressions/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/regular-expressions/ Practice whole-string validation, named groups, lazy match iteration, and readable whitespace normalization. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/command-line-arguments/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/command-line-arguments/ Practice typed arguments, option defaults, boolean flags, and subcommands. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/running-external-programs/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/running-external-programs/ Practice safe child-process invocation, input/output, nonzero statuses, and timeouts. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/command-line-streams-and-exit-status/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/command-line-streams-and-exit-status/ Practise accessing argument tokens, routing diagnostics, reading standard input, and propagating a command exit status. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/environment-variables/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/environment-variables/ Practise optional lookups, required settings, numeric validation, and explicit Boolean parsing. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/testing-with-unittest/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/testing-with-unittest/ Practise writing test methods, checking expected exceptions, creating independent fixtures, and using subtests. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/mocking-with-unittest-mock/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/mocking-with-unittest-mock/ Practise controlled return values, sequential outcomes, scoped patching, and autospecced collaborators. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/testing-docstrings-with-doctest/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/testing-docstrings-with-doctest/ Practise writing stable docstring examples, documenting exceptions, distinguishing returned and printed output, and testing examples in text files. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/testing-asynchronous-code-with-unittest/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/testing-asynchronous-code-with-unittest/ Practise coroutine test methods, awaited exception checks, async cleanup, and await-specific mock assertions. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/managing-resources-with-exitstack/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/managing-resources-with-exitstack/ Practise entering dynamic synchronous and asynchronous resources, registering cleanup callbacks, handling partial acquisition, and transferring cleanup ownership. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/bisect/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/bisect/ Practise finding left and right insertion points, inserting while preserving order, and maintaining a list of records by key. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/function-caching-with-functools/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/function-caching-with-functools/ Practice caching deterministic results, limiting stored entries, clearing stale data, and inspecting cache hits. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/partial-function-application/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/partial-function-application/ Practice pre-filling callable arguments and defining methods with functools.partialmethod while preserving instance binding. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/modules/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/modules/ Practice importing modules, selecting names, using aliases, and protecting top-level program code. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/tuples-and-sets/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/tuples-and-sets/ Practice tuple construction and unpacking, set creation and operations, and immutable set values. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/custom-subscription/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/custom-subscription/ Practice subscription, assignment, deletion, reverse iteration, and implementing the collections.abc Sequence, Mapping, and Set contracts. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/comparing-files-and-directories-with-filecmp/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/comparing-files-and-directories-with-filecmp/ Practise byte-accurate comparison, cmpfiles classification, dircmp results, and cache refresh. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/reading-filesystem-metadata-with-os-stat-and-stat/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/reading-filesystem-metadata-with-os-stat-and-stat/ Practise querying stat results, interpreting mode bits, inspecting links, and handling expected filesystem errors. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/filename-pattern-matching-with-glob-and-fnmatch/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/filename-pattern-matching-with-glob-and-fnmatch/ Practise rooted pathname matching, lazy recursive search, explicit case-sensitive matching, and literal pattern escaping. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/efficient-directory-scanning-with-os-scandir/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/efficient-directory-scanning-with-os-scandir/ Practise scanning directories, filtering DirEntry objects, handling cached status data, and closing iterators safely. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/new-and-object-creation/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/new-and-object-creation/ Practice the creation order, subclass-aware __new__(), immutable-value construction, and the boundary where __init__ is skipped. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/annotations/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/annotations/ Practice annotated assignment syntax and the compatibility behavior of explicitly stringized annotations. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/argument-unpacking/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/argument-unpacking/ Practice unpacking iterables and mappings into function calls with * and **. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/assert-statements/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/assert-statements/ Practice writing assertions, attaching diagnostic messages, and choosing explicit exceptions when a check must always run. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/assignment-expressions/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/assignment-expressions/ Practice using := to capture values in conditions, loops, and expressions while keeping ordinary assignment separate. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/augmented-assignment/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/augmented-assignment/ Practice updating names, mutable objects, attributes, and indexed values with augmented assignment. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/booleans-and-conditionals/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/booleans-and-conditionals/ Practice using short-circuit and/or expressions to select values, guard access, and avoid unnecessary calls. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/bytes-and-bytearray/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/bytes-and-bytearray/ Practice constructing bytes, decoding binary data, mutating bytearray, and reading hexadecimal byte values. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/class-subscription/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/class-subscription/ Practice implementing __class_getitem__ for class subscription and generic-style parameterization. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/classes-and-objects/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/classes-and-objects/ Practice defining a class, initializing instance state, adding methods, and extending a base class. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/comprehensions/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/comprehensions/ Practice writing list, set, and dictionary comprehensions and using filters. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/conditional-expressions/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/conditional-expressions/ Practice choosing values with conditional expressions, composing them with larger expressions, and recognizing when the syntax should stay simple. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/context-managers/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/context-managers/ Practice with statements, implementing context-manager protocols, cleanup, narrow exception suppression, borrowing caller-owned resources with nullcontext(), and closing legacy resources. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/csv/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/csv/ Practice reading and writing CSV rows and using dictionary-based CSV access. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/custom-instance-subclass-checks/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/custom-instance-subclass-checks/ Practice implementing metaclass hooks that customize isinstance() and issubclass(). https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/dataclasses/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/dataclasses/ Practice generated class methods, per-instance mutable defaults, post-initialization, and frozen data records. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/decorators/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/decorators/ Practice applying function and class decorators, forwarding wrapper calls, preserving function metadata, configuring factories, and composing decorators. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/del-statements/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/del-statements/ Practice deleting name bindings, list targets, slices, and attributes with Python's del statement. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/function-parameters/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/function-parameters/ Practice positional-only, keyword-only, *args, and **kwargs parameters. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/generator-control/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/generator-control/ Practice sending values into a paused generator, handling an injected exception, propagating one, and closing a generator with cleanup. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/generator-expressions/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/generator-expressions/ Practice writing generator expressions and choosing them for lazy iteration. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/generators/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/generators/ Practice writing generator functions, using yield, and creating generator expressions. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/generic-type-parameters/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/generic-type-parameters/ Practice generic functions, classes, type aliases, and multiple type parameters. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/iterators/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/iterators/ Practice creating and advancing iterators, implementing the iterator protocol, and stopping a callable iterator with a sentinel. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/json/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/json/ Practice serializing Python data, reading JSON text, and working with JSON files. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/lambda-expressions/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/lambda-expressions/ Practice writing concise lambda expressions for direct calls, sorting, closures, and predicates. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/metaclasses-and-class-creation/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/metaclasses-and-class-creation/ Practice dynamic class creation, metaclass delegation, class-namespace validation, and namespace preparation. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/module-attribute-access/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/module-attribute-access/ Practice defining module fallback values, raising AttributeError, exposing dynamic names through dir(), and caching a lazily resolved value. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/operator-precedence/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/operator-precedence/ Practice grouping expressions explicitly, applying operator precedence, and reasoning about evaluation order. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/paths-and-pathlib/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/paths-and-pathlib/ Practice composing, searching, comparing, normalizing, expanding, splitting, and converting filesystem paths with pathlib and selected os.path functions, including drive/root/tail decomposition, path identity, environment-variable expansion, and str/bytes interoperability. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/structural-pattern-matching/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/structural-pattern-matching/ Practice literal, sequence, mapping, guarded, value, and class match patterns. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/scopes-and-namespaces/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/scopes-and-namespaces/ Practice local name resolution, global rebinding, and nonlocal rebinding. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/tar-archives-with-tarfile/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/tar-archives-with-tarfile/ Practise creating TAR members, reading member bytes, and extracting with an explicit data filter. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/toml/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/toml/ Practice parsing TOML strings and files and handling parsed configuration data. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/type-alias-statements/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/type-alias-statements/ Practice creating type aliases, using aliases in annotations, and inspecting aliased type expressions. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/union-types/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/union-types/ Practice union annotations, None as a union member, supported runtime class checks, and the parameterized-generic runtime boundary. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/yield-from/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/yield-from/ Practice delegating generator output, continuing after delegation, capturing a subgenerator return value, and composing generator layers. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/zip-archives-with-zipfile/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/zip-archives-with-zipfile/ Practise writing member data, adding filesystem files under portable names, decoding a member, and verifying an archive. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/high-level-file-operations-with-shutil/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/high-level-file-operations-with-shutil/ Practise copying files, excluding unwanted tree entries, moving a file, and extracting a tar archive with the data filter. https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/temporary-files-and-directories/ https://foxipa.com/en/python/exercise/code-completion/temporary-files-and-directories/ Practise temporary workspaces, file positioning, named-file cleanup, and spooled-storage rollover.